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Recommended reading
Williams, E., Kuehr, R.
Computers and the Environment: Understanding and Managing Their Impacts. London: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 2003.
Williams, E.
Energy Intensity of Computer Manufacturing: Hybrid Assessment Combining Process and Economic Input-Output Methods. United Nations University, 53-70 Jingumae 5-chome, Shibuya-ku Tokyo, Japan, Environ. Sci. Technol. 38, 6166-6174. 2004.
Adamson, M., Hamilton, R., Hutchison, K., Kazmierowski, K., Lau, J., Madejski, D. and MacDonald, N.
Environmental Impact of Computer Information Technology in an Institutional Setting: A Case Study at the University of Guelph. University of Guelph. 2005.
Williams, E., Ayres, R. and Heller, M.
"The 1.7 kg microchip: Energy and chemical use in the production of semiconductors." Environ. Sci. Technol. 36 (24), 5504. 2002.
Atlantic Consulting and IPU
"LCA study of the product group personal computers in the EU Ecolabel scheme." 1998.
Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation
"Environmental consciousness: A strategic competitiveness issue for the electronics and computer industry." 1993.
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* Based on 526kWh/PC/year for operation; 1818 kWh/PC for production; electricity generated at 0.70 kg (1.55 lbs) of CO2/kWh.
** Based on 5243.53 kg (11560 lbs) of CO2 per car per year; one billion PCs worldwide.
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